Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) explained

The use of pressure sensitive paint in Racing Motorsport

What is Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP)?

Pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) is a method for measuring air pressure or local oxygen concentration, usually in aerodynamic settings. Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) is paint-like coating which fluoresces under a specific illumination wavelength in differing intensities depending on the external air pressure being applied locally to its surface.

pressure sensitive paint

How does pressure sensitive paint work?

A model surface is painted with the  pressure sensitive paint PSP coating with an airbrush or automotive type paint gun. The  pressure sentitive paint PSP consists of an oxygen sensitive probe suspended in an oxygen permeable binder. The model is then placed in an oven so the pressure sentive paint PSP layer can cure. Once cured, the model is placed in a wind tunnel or appropriate test environment. LED lamps of a specific wavelength are used to excite the pressure-sensitive probe within the paint. Once excited, the pressure-sensitive probe is transitioned to a higher energy state where is may either emit a photon or be quenched by local oxygen present. This competing process of emission and quenching determines the intensity response of the paint layer. The result is a dimmer fluorescence where there is higher pressure and brighter response at lower pressures.

Pressure sensitive paint visualization

Pressure sensitive paint explained: the origin of the luminescence.

The intensity emitted from the surface is then recorded through a long-pass filter by a CCD or scientific grade camera and stored for conversion to pressure using a previously determined calibration. Images of the paint layer are recorded at three conditions. A wind-off image at a known reference condition which is typically standard atmospheric conditions with the tunnel turned off. A wind-on image at a loaded condition where the wind tunnel is running at condition. And lastly a background image where the ambient light present is captured without the illumination source.

The postprocessing data in pressure sensitive paint.

The background image is then subtracted from the wind-off reference and the wind-on condition image in data processing. Photographs of the surface can be obtained from outside the wind tunnel’s test section, which means that the model need never be disturbed or touched in order to obtain the pressure distribution.

Pressure sensitive paint PSP method

Computer-aided photography can be used to produce false-color images, where the color range corresponds to the pressure variations.

Real world application of pressure sensitive paint.

Due to the high cost of constructing airplanes, the first designs of proposed aircraft are usually subjected to aerodynamic testing in wind tunnels. In these tunnels, models (usually subscale) are subjected to airflows to simulate an actual airplane in free flight. The aerodynamic forces acting on the model are measured, and are used to predict the response of an airplane when subjected to equivalent airflows. You can check a video application of pressure sensitive paint here.

Pressure sensitive paint (PSP) in Racing motorsport: wind tunnel application.

Automobiles are also subjected to aerodynamic testing in wind tunnels. Automobile companies use data collected in these tests to measure areas of high and low pressure. This data helps engineers improve designs to increase performance for the vehicles. By changing these designs, engineers can help improve gas mileage and reduce noise.

In order to measure the aerodynamic forces on the whole model, beam balances are connected to the model. However, it is also imperative to also understand how those forces are distributed across the aerodynamic surfaces of the aircraft, and this understanding is more difficult to obtain. The classic approach has been to use an array of pressure taps to measure surface pressure distributions on a model. Pressure taps provide limited spatial resolution and are often limited by model geometry and can be very expensive to integrate into complex geometries.

pressure sensitive paint PSP visualization

Example of PSP postprocessing visualization

The benefits of pressure sensitive paint PSP.

Pressure senstitive paint PSP provides a low-cost alternative that is less invasive than pressure tap arrays. PSP also offers superior spatial resolution, with each pixel of the imaging camera acting as a pressure tap. PSP can achieve accuracy within 150 Pa of pressure tap measurements with good setup and experience.

Time-resolved PSP applications involve pulsed excitation and delay and gating of the imaging devices. One can thus determine pressure differentials as a function of time. In this case, the imaging devices must be synchronized to the excitation. Multi-channel digital delay/pulse generators provide that synchronization.